SPRY1 and brain injury: For instance, miR-21a-3p activates the AKT pathway and increases matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) expression to reduce the extent of the infarcted region in heart ischaemia/reperfusion injury [41], inhibits PTEN and sprouty homolog 1 (SPRY1) to heal soft tissue wounds [40], and upregulates VEGF and activates the Ang-1/Tie-2 axis in traumatic brain injury [42].