As for HH/GLI signaling, recent studies have linked HH/GLI pathway activation with concomitant anti-inflammatory signals [45, 46] and revealed a significant downregulation of the pathway in a set of chronic inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease [47], colitis [48, 49] and Helicobacter pylori associated gastric inflammation [21, 50]. Here, GLI1 is linked to colitis.