Biomarkers are generally classified as (a) pharmacodynamic that allow measuring target engagement (e.g., in the case of ATG4B inhibition, the lack of LC3 lipidation and p62 accumulation; (b) predictive that allow predicting whether the tumour will respond (e.g., high ATG4B expression as proposed in stem cells/CML and breast cancer); and (c) prognostic that tell something about the disease outcome (tumour growth) regardless of therapy (e.g., HER2-positive breast cancer or K-Ras mutant PDAC). Here, MAP1LC3A is linked to breast carcinoma.