VCAM1 and Schnyder corneal dystrophy: In an effort to investigate the role of altered vascular geometries in adhesion and vaso-occlusion in SCD, Mannino et al. [44] demonstrated that spatial variation in vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1) expression correlated directly with disturbed wall shear stress, and in addition that RBC in SCD patients exhibited increased adhesion behavior at the high wall shear stress of bifurcations.