As compared to more established but still experimental biomarkers of AKI such as serum cystatin C, urinary neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin, Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1) and interleukin 18, the proteomic marker pattern demonstrated a higher prognostic value, detecting AKI up to 5 days in advance of a rise in serum creatinine [51]. Here, CST3 is linked to acute kidney injury.