Furthermore, we prospectively conducted a longitudinal follow-up of the urinary Gal3C-S-OPN/uFL-OPN level and uFL-OPN level in urolithiasis patients during stone treatment and compared the levels of Gal3C-S-OPN/uFL-OPN and uFL-OPN level between the residual stone group (n = 7) and stone-free group (n = 14) after URS (Table 2, Figure 4). Here, SPP1 is linked to urolithiasis.