Furthermore, we prospectively conducted a longitudinal follow-up of the urinary Gal3C-S-OPN/uFL-OPN levels during stone treatment and showed that 92.8% of urolithiasis patients in the stone-free group had clear decreases in Gal3C-S-OPN/uFL-OPN levels after URS, whereas only 28.6% of the urolithiasis patients in the residual stone group after URS showed decreased Gal3C-S-OPN/uFL-OPN levels. This evidence concerns the gene SPP1 and urolithiasis.