The expression of PD-L1 mRNA in plasma EVs, collected before and after surgery of NSCLC patients with stage II to stage III tumors and from NSCLC stage IV patients collected before and after anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy, shows a high correlation with PD-L1 expression in the corresponding lung tumor tissues, decreasing significantly after surgery and after anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy [74]. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.