PSMA1 and breast carcinoma: Analysis using the MALDI-TOF mass spectrophotometry (MS) based on two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-DE) of breast cancer tissues showed over-expression of these proteasomes subunit proteins, including PSMD2 and PSMA1, when compared to normal adjacent tissue, which enhanced the action of ubiquitin–proteasome pathway in breast cancer tissues [31].