INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: We hypothesized that, compared with the ingestion of water before a glucose load, the ingestion of sucralose before a glucose load, but not sucralose taste alone (i.e., sucralose tasted and expectorated, hereafter sham-fed), would cause a greater increase in glucose-stimulated insulin response (as we found previously [18]) and impair the suppression of endogenous glucose production (EGP) in participants with obesity but not in those who are normal weight.