INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: While in normal-weight participants sucralose decreased plasma insulin concentrations during the first 40 min after the glucose load, in participants with obesity it resulted in significantly higher insulin concentrations compared with sham-fed sucralose (at 10 min, 30–60 min) and with water at 100–140 min after the glucose load (Figure 1; Figure A2 in Appendix B).