Six genes were commonly associated with both the DS and the DR group, including ADGRV1, DEPDC5, PRICKLE1, SCNIA, TSC1 and TSC2. Structural brain lesions were seen in 17 of the 32 APEs (53.1%) with P/LPs, which are highly likely to have caused their epilepsies, whereas 63.2% of the DR group but 38.5% of the DS group had potentially causal lesions. The gene discussed is TSC1; the disease is epilepsy.