In most patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes, however, retinopathy remains the leading cause of vision loss due to delayed detection and uncontrolled hyperglycemia.[6] Given that insulin has a key role in the metabolism of amino acids and proteins, amino acid deficiency due to reduced insulin levels could be a significant factor in the etiology of DR[7,8]. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.