HMGB1 and infection: Damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), including S100 calcium binding protein B (S100B)6, heat shock proteins7, interleukin (IL)-1α7–9, and high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1)10,11, are endogenous proinflammatory and pro-oxidative stress molecules that can induce the inflammatory process in patients without demonstrable infection (sterile inflammation)7,10,11.