Although GM-CSF and IL-2 were expressed in higher concentrations at 6 h post-infection in ESRD group, the production of a large number of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines as well as chemokines, including IL-8, IL-12p40, TNF-α, MCP-1, MIP-1b, and IL-10 was markedly decreased. The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is infection.