PTEN and cancer: Interestingly, BCKDHB was also genetically associated with TGFβ1 that plays critical roles in TGFβ signaling and responsible for cancer stemness; and PWP2 genetically interacted with RAD50 via ALDH1L1 that is associated with neural stem cells in vivo [33], suggesting a trilateral connection among uncontrolled cell proliferation (as represented by INPP4B and PI3K/Pten pathway), DNA damage repair (as represented here by RAD50), and cancer stemess (as featured by TGFβ-mediated signaling and ALDH1L1).