REN and left ventricular hypertrophy: Vitamin D is able to cause AS and cardiovascular diseases via a variety of underlying mechanisms, which probably include the activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, the increase in insulin resistance, and the increase in parathormone levels, resulting in left ventricular hypertrophy, metabolic syndrome, and systematic inflammation, thereby increasing the incidence of AS and cardiovascular events [13].