CD274 and neoplasm: In recent years, checkpoint blockade antibodies against PD‐1 or PD‐L1 have shown unprecedented clinical responses.178 Similar to the PD‐1/PD‐L1 blocking antibodies, cell membrane derived nanovesicles, as a bioengineering strategy, presenting PD‐1 receptors on their membranes could enhance anti‐tumor responses through disrupting the PD‐1/PD‐L1 immune inhibitory axis179 (Figure 6a).