KDM3A and neoplasm: Inhibition of KDM3A downregulates tumor-associated angiogenesis and macrophage infiltration.413,414 KDM3C is required for MLL-AF9 leukemia maintenance and is mutated in patients with intracranial germline tumors.415,416 KDM4A, KDM4B, and KDM4C have shown increased expression in prostate cancer with decreased levels of H3K9me2/3 and increased levels of H3K9me1.417 H3K9me3 is thought to be a hallmark of heterochromatic areas of the genome.