It has also been implicated in cancer stemness and EMT.17,18 EGF stimulates multiple biological responses through activation of the EGF receptor (EGFR), and activated EGFR phosphorylates and activates a number of important signaling pathways.19 RAS/RAF/MAPK is considered one of the traditional downstream effectors of EGF/EGFR. This evidence concerns the gene EGFR and cancer.