GIP and inflammatory response: Regarding GIP agonists (D-Ala2-GIP-glu-PAL), neuroprotection in MPTP-treated rats and cell cultures was confirmed through the reduction in dopaminergic neurons and an increase in the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 (β-cell lymphoma 2), which prevented apoptosis and reduced chronic brain inflammation [100, 102, 103].