The specific response of these two cytokines to 40 Hz flicker is especially interesting because GM-CSF may be both neuroprotective and proinflammatory and low-dose IL-2 rescues cognitive and synaptic plasticity deficits in a mouse model of AD (Bhattacharya et al., 2015; Alves et al., 2017; Kiyota et al., 2018). Here, IL2 is linked to Alzheimer disease.