Moreover, upon stimulation, but also at steady state, macrophages from HTLV-1 infected patients (both asymptomatic carriers and HAM/TSP subjects) secrete elevated quantities of chemokines (C–C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5) and chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 9 (CXCL9), both acting as T-cell chemoattractant induced by IFNγ, and reduced quantities of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, (Table 1) [90]. Here, CXCL9 is linked to tropical spastic paraparesis.