TNF and infection: The analysis of blood samples from patients who developed AHB has provided insight into many aspects of the immune response, including the role of natural killer (NK) cells during the early stages of infection, the importance of cytokines such as interleukin (IL) 12, IL-18, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) during acute infection, and the broad and multi-specific responses of helper T-cells (Th-cells) and cytolytic T-cells (CTLs) during resolution [7–10].