In particular, age [4,6] nadir CD4+ T cell count [7,8], low CD4/CD8 T cell ratio [9–12], duration of HIV-1 infection [4,6], CD4 and CD8 T cell activation [1], inflammation and microbial translocation [1] have been associated with a failure of immune recovery (reviewed in 2). Here, CD8A is linked to HIV-1 infection.