Moreover, previous data suggest that besides affecting ERα, Pin1 may promote tamoxifen resistance of breast cancer by activating growth-promoting pathways (Khanal et al., 2012), down-regulating SMRT (Stanya et al., 2008) and cyclin dependent kinase (Khanal et al., 2012), facilitating tumor angiogenesis (Kim et al., 2009b, 2012) and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (Kim et al., 2009a). The gene discussed is PIN1; the disease is breast carcinoma.