TNF and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: TNF- α is reported to be upregulated in the blood and CSF of ALS patients (Babu et al., 2008; Cereda et al., 2008), and TNFR1 and TNF-α have been found to be upregulated in the spinal cord of SOD1 mutant mice (Veglianese et al., 2006; Brambilla et al., 2016).