MAPK8 and Insulin resistance: Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL6, stimulate both the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and IκB kinase-β (IKK-β)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathways, resulting in upregulation of potential mediators of inflammation that can lead to insulin resistance (Hirosumi et al., 2002; Klover et al., 2003; Sabio and Davis, 2010; Wan and Lenardo, 2010).