To examine whether microglia were activated by intraventricular injection of SLE-serum, we performed immunohistological staining of Iba-1 (a microglial marker) on the brain slices of the cortex and hippocampus at 48 h after SLE-serum, healthy-serum, or ACSF (vehicle control) injection. Here, AIF1 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.