In line with previous observations in which NPC biopsies displayed SDF-1/CXCL12-expressing tumour cell nests surrounded by αSMA-expressing CAFs [21,57], it is interesting to note that LMP1 expression in NPC biopsies also correlates with higher levels of CXCR4 and its nuclear localisation, but intriguingly, there was no correlation with SDF-1/CXCL12 expression [76], suggesting that LMP1 does not itself modulate the expression of this growth-promoting chemokine. Here, ACTA1 is linked to neoplasm.