Interestingly, they observed that the levels of autoantibodies against Apurinic/Apyrimidinic Endodeoxyribonuclease 1 (APEX1), High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), vaccinia-related kinase 1 (VRK1), Aurora-A kinase (AURKA), peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PADI4), and signal recognition particle 19 (SRP19) (all involved in the DDR/R pathways) were positively correlated with the level of anti-dsDNA in SLE patients, suggesting that these autoantibodies may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of SLE. Here, PADI4 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.