SMAD3 and neoplasm: Moreover, shIF1 cells significantly increased the expression of the transcription factor SMAD3 and of the ecto-5’nucleotidase CD73/NT5E, which is under the control of SMAD3, an enzyme that generates adenosine in the tumor microenvironment leading to the suppression of multiple immune subsets including NK cells [50,51] (Figure 7E).