Carbodiimide bioconjugation approaches of aptamer functionalized on the surface of PLGA-b-PEG-COOH-based nanoparticles have been developed for targeted drug delivery systems, such as anti-NCL aptamer (AS1411) [179], anti-MUC1 aptamer [180], and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) [181] for paclitaxel-targeted delivery to glioma, paclitaxel-targeted delivery to breast cancer, and for curcumin- and Nutlin-3a-targeted delivery to colorectal adenocarcinoma, respectively (Figure 25) [49]. The gene discussed is EPCAM; the disease is glioma.