Our previous study showed that administration of resveratrol reduced bacterial counts in both mice and zebrafish model systems, and it did not modify expression of the pde4b gene [30], whose inactivation is a known anti-inflammatory procedure in COPD therapeutics, and could indeed be observed upon quercetin treatment in both cultured epithelial cells and murine lung homogenates upon NTHi infection. Here, PDE4B is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.