TNF and Fabry disease: Based on these observations, PPS treatment led to a lowering of the inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, interleukin-8 (IL-8), and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α) in several MPS animal models [52,53,54], as well as IL-1β, TNF-α, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in in vitro models of Gaucher Disease and Fabry Disease [55].