Thus, upregulation of phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase 1 (PAI-1), protein kinase C alpha (PKC-alpha), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), androgen receptor (AR), Ras homologue gene family member J (ARHJ), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) and C-Jun activation domain-binding protein-1 (JAB1) genes was found in males with ccRCC, while increased expression of N-myc downstream regulated 1 (NDRG1), Akt, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), DJ-1, 4E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), Src and p38 was shown in females [30]. Here, AR is linked to nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.