EEF1A1 and malaria: Several other promoters have been validated in the non-human primate malaria parasites P. knowlesi and P. cynomolgi, which are phylogenetically close to P. vivax, indicating that these promoters have a high potential to also be active in P. vivax. Promoters active in P. knowlesi are P. falciparum hrp3 [12], cam, heat shock protein 86 (hsp86) [13], and chloroquine resistance transporter (crt) [14]; P. berghei dihydrofolate reductase/thymidylate synthase (dhfr-ts) [8], apical membrane protein 1 (ama1) [15], and elongation factor 1-alpha (ef1-α) [16]; and P. chabaudi dhfr-ts [17].