Impaired downstream signaling of insulin may result in overactivation of GSK-3, and thus can participate in Alzheimer’s disease pathology (Hoyer et al. 1994; de la Monte 2012; Takeda et al. 2011; Salkovic-Petrisic and Hoyer 2007) and the development of dementia (Santiago and Hallschmid 2019; Kullmann et al. 2016; Talbot 2013, 2014). Here, INS is linked to Alzheimer disease.