MSCs derived from various sources have a profound impact on innate and adaptive immune responses that finally may result in the promotion of tumor progression.50 The regulatory effects of MSCs are exerted on immune responses through direct cell-cell communication and indirectly by the release of particular secreted factors such as nitric oxide (NO), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Interleukin (IL)-6, indoleamine-2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO), interleukin (IL)-10, and HLA-G5 (Figure 1).51-56. Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.