In conclusion, we showed that a PDAC cell line expressing GM2 in 2D-culture exhibited a high growth rate and high tumor initiation, pancreatic CSC-like cells expressing GM2 in 3D-culture exhibit responsiveness against TGF-β1 resulting in promotion of invasion, and GM2 expression is associated with growth and advance of human PDAC (Fig. 7c). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.