Chang et al. [40] showed that breast tumors in particular had the greatest PAD4 expression in a variety of human malignancies, including lung adenocarcinomas, colorectal adenocarcinomas, renal cancer cells, and others; additionally, elevated levels of PAD4 were detected in patient plasma and associated with the presence of other tumor biomarkers. This evidence concerns the gene PADI4 and renal carcinoma.