TNF and colitis: Treatment with Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), interleukin 6 (IL6), and DSS-induced colitis enhanced phosphorylation of STAT3 and p65 (NF-κB), which bound with the miR-31 promoter sequence to activate its expression, as determined by luciferase activity and chromatin immunoprecipitation in malignant LOVO cell lines and organoid derived from mouse colon.