Recently, programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), a transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to CD28/CTLA4 family, which is acting as an important immunosuppressive molecule that is mainly expressed on activated T or B cells, is regaining the attention in the field of T1DM as well as in oncology (43). The gene discussed is CTLA4; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.