TGFB1 and cancer: In PDAC tissues, cancer cells and macrophages are likely a main source of PDGF and TGFβ1 with distinct effects on PaSC proliferation, migration and production of ECM and cytokines (Bachem et al., 2005; Omary et al., 2007; Apte et al., 2013; Biffi et al., 2019).