CTLA4 and neoplasm: Based on the inhibitory roles of these checkpoint molecules or pathways, several immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including PD-1 inhibitors (nivolumab and pembrolizumab), PD-L1 inhibitors (atezolizumab, avelumab, and durvalumab), and CTLA-4 inhibitors (ipilimumab and tremelimumab) have been developed to restore the T cell-mediated immune response and improve the efficacy of anti-tumor treatments (Wolchok, 2015; Ribas and Wolchok, 2018).