INS and vitamin D deficiency: Pregnant women in AMA with vitamin D deficiency have higher fasting insulin (14.70(8.76–34.65) and 10.89(7.15–16.12), respectively, P = 0.031) and HOMA-IR indices (1.78(1.07–4.14) and 1.30(0.83–1.89), respectively, P = 0.024) than those with vitamin D non-deficiency.