TNF and myeloid sarcoma: Whereas pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines are believed to play a crucial role in ASC cell differentiation processes [36], due to the MS-associated dysregulation of ASCs and uncontrolled inflammatory microenvironment, it has been shown that Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) can exert an inhibitory effect on Sox9 expression, thus interfering with the underlying chondrogenic signaling pathways [37].