In patients with NSCLC which is one of the most common non-AIDS defining cancers in HIV-infected patients [21]; 3 of 4 patients (75%) responded to anti-PD-1 and chemotherapy treatment in the first-line setting and 1 of 7 (13%) had a partial response to anti-PD-1 monotherapy in the second-line setting and beyond. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and cancer.