These include insulin receptor substrates 1–4 (IRS1–4), and Src homology and collagen domain protein (Shc), which further activate several signaling pathways, including two of the most common dysregulated signaling pathways in cancer and DM: phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT and RAS-RAF-MAPK/ERK [22,28]. Here, AKT1 is linked to diabetes mellitus.