In addition, plenty of evidence has proved that probiotics, mainly the Lactobacillus strains and Bifidobacterium strains, in both mice on HFD and humans with metabolic disorders, can exert multiple favorable effects, including reducing body weight and fat accumulation, improving insulin resistance and glycemic control, ameliorating lipid profile, anti-inflammation and preventing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) [48]. Here, INS is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.