Similar to what has been observed for some infections with T. vaginalis harboring TVVs [111], infected mammalian cells were able to sense LRV1 dsRNA via endosomal TLR-3, a pathogen recognition receptor, stimulating an increased production of proinflammatory mediators, such as TNF-α and IL-6, known to contribute to the hyper-inflammatory MCL, and anti-viral type I interferons [110]. Here, TNF is linked to infection.