In the intestinal tract, bile acids bind to receptors such as farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) to activate bile acid-related signaling pathways (Fig. 3) [89, 90], which will be involved in the development and progression of NAFLD/NASH [8]. Here, NR1H4 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.